Urnula craterium

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Urnula_craterium.html

Ecology: Saprobic on sticks and small logs (often buried) of hardwoods; growing alone, scattered, or in dense clusters; spring; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Virginia, and Québec.

Fruiting Body: 5-9 cm high; 3-9 cm across; at first shaped like a deep cup or an urn with a vaguely defined stem portion; often expanding to goblet-shaped or cup-shaped with age.

Fertile (upper, or inner) surface: Dark brown to gray or nearly black; smooth and bald.

Sterile (lower, or outer) surface: Brown to gray or nearly black; bald, roughened, or scaly; often becoming finely cracked with age—or with pigments breaking up to form chevron-like or nearly reticulate patterns; the margin becoming lacerated and tattered.

Pseudostem: Poorly defined at apex; 3-6 cm high; 0.5-1.5 cm wide; tapering to base; black; fuzzy toward the base.

Flesh: White; tough; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on fertile surface greenish black.

Microscopic Features: Spores 21-35 x 9-13 m; ellipsoid to elongated-ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Asci 8-spored; 150-300 x 10-15 m; cylindric; hyaline in KOH. Paraphyses 125-325 x 2-4 m; filiform with rounded, subacute, or subclavate apices; smooth; septate; either hyaline, solitary, and projecting beyond the asci—or with agglutinated brown apices, bundled, and not projecting. Excipular surface elements cylindric; 2.5-6 m wide; septate; walls black to dark brown in KOH; smooth or a little encrusted; occasionally branching and/or developing lobes or nodules.

Helvella crispa

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Helvella_crispa.html

Ecology: Possibly mycorrhizal; growing alone or gregariously under conifers or hardwoods, on rotting wood or terrestrially (often in disturbed-ground locations); summer and fall, or over winter in warm climates; originally described from Carniola, in present-day Slovenia (Scopoli 1772) and epitypified from Sweden (Skrede et al 2017); widely distributed in Europe and, as a morphological species, reported from central Asia and throughout North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.

Cap: 1.5-7 cm high; 1.5-4 cm wide; saddle-shaped and/or irregularly lobed; surface bald and smooth or slightly wrinkled; white to creamy or pale yellowish; undersurface finely fuzzy (use a hand lens), colored like the upper surface or slightly darker; the margin often curled upwards in places, not becoming fused with the stem where contact occurs.

Stem: 3-12 cm long; 0.5-3.5 cm wide; white; deeply and ornately ribbed, with cross-veins and pockets.

Flesh: Thin; brittle; often chambered in the stem; whitish; not changing when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 16-21 x 11-15 m; broadly ellipsoid; smooth; with one large, central oil droplet and, sometimes, several smaller droplets at each end; hyaline in KOH. Asci 225-275 x 10-17.5 m; 8-spored. Paraphyses exceeding the asci by 10-30 m; 3-5 m wide, with clavate apices 5-12.5 m wide. Excipular surface trichoderm-like; terminal elements appearing "cellular" from above, 8-18 m across, smooth, hyaline in KOH.

Tylopilus felleus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Tylopilus_felleus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with conifers; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Québec.

Cap: 5-13 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat in age; dry; bald and softly leathery; unpolished; sometimes becoming cracked; brown, fading to to tan.

Pore Surface: White at first, becoming pink; bruising pinkish brown to brownish; pores circular, 1-2 per mm; tubes to 20 mm deep.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; 1.5-4 cm thick; club-shaped; whitish to pale brownish above; pale brown to tan elsewhere; strongly reticulate with a wide-meshed, brown reticulum, at least over upper third; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Thick; soft; white; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Taste very bitter; odor not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia negative to pale orange or pale pink on cap surface; negative on flesh. KOH orangish on cap surface; yellowish to orangish on flesh. Iron salts negative to greenish on cap surface; negative to pale gray on flesh; bluish gray on tubes.

Spore Print: Brownish pink.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-16 x 3-4 m; narrowly fusiform to subfusiform; smooth; hyaline to yellowish in KOH. Hymenial cystidia 30-40 x 8-10 m; widely fusiform; often developing a mucro; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH; occasionally with a refractive, golden, globular inclusion. Pileipellis a tangled cutis of cylindric elements <NOBR>5-7.5 m</NOBR> wide; golden yellow in KOH; terminal cells often erect, with rounded to subacute apices.

Clavaria fuscata

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Clavaria_fuscata.html

Ecology: Uncertain; terrestrial; found in hardwood forests; growing alone or gregariously; summer and fall; probably widely distributed in eastern North America; rare. The illustrated and described collection is from Illinois.

Fruiting Body: 2-8.5 cm high and 0.5-1.5 mm wide; cylindric; apex rounded or slightly narrowed; bald; dry; whitish to creamy yellowish above, but translucent whitish toward the base.

Flesh: Thin; whitish.

Odor and Taste: Odor fairly strongly of garlic, especially when the flesh is crushed; taste similar.

Spore Print: Reported as white by Corner (1950).

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-12 x 6-8 m; ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia clavate; 2-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia not found. Clamp connections not found.

Hypomyces lactifluorum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hypomyces_lactifluorum.html

Ecology: Parasitic on species of Russula, Lactarius, and Lactifluus&mdash;especially Russula brevipes, Lactarius deceptivus, and other members of the Lactarius piperatus group; summer and fall, or over winter in warm climates; originally described from North Carolina (von Schweinitz 1822); widely distributed in North America throughout Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The illustrated and described collections are from Georgia and Michigan.

Fruiting Body: A hard, pimply, orange coating that attacks the host rapidly and soon covers all surfaces, disfiguring the mushroom; with old age the orange often darkens to purplish red.

Perithecia: Reddish brown to nearly black; usually visible to the naked eye.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on surface instantly dark purple, even in dried specimens.

Microscopic Features: Spores 30-40 x 5-7 m; fusiform; verrucose; apiculi about 5 m long, narrowing to a point; hyaline to ochraceous in water and KOH; septate once. Asci 200-275 x 6-10 ml cylindric; 8-spored. Subicular hyphae 3-10 m wide, septate, smooth, sometimes gelatinized, purple-walled in KOH.

Entoloma caccabus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Entoloma_caccabus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing gregariously in bare soil under northern red oak, white oak, hop hornbeam, and persimmon; July; Coles County, Illinois.

Cap: 1-3 cm; planoconvex with a slightly incurved margin at first, becoming shallowly depressed, with a wavy margin and a small umbo; moist; bald; dark grayish brown to dark yellowish brown at first, fading markedly to medium yellowish brown (but often retaining a darker center); the margin becoming slightly translucent-lined with age.

Gills: Attached to the stem; nearly distant; whitish at first, becoming pink; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 2.5-3.5 cm long; 2-4 mm thick; equal; dry; bald or finely silky; whitish to grayish or brownish.

Flesh: Thin; insubstantial; watery whitish to brownish.

Odor and Taste: Mealy.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Spore Print: Pink.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 6-8 ; 5- to 6-sided; heterodiametric or occasionally nearly isodiametric; angular; smooth; hyaline. Hymenial cystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis; elements 5-12.5 wide, brown to brownish in 10% ammonia, with intracellular pigment. Clamp connections present.

Auriscalpium vulgare

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Auriscalpium_vulgare.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the cones of conifers--especially pines and Douglas-fir; growing alone or gregariously (up to 4 or 5 mushrooms per cone); late fall and early winter, or over winter in warmer climates; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 1-3 cm across; broadly convex or flat; kidney-shaped or almost circular in outline; dry; hairy, sometimes becoming smooth with age; reddish brown to dark brown or nearly black.

Undersurface: Spines 1-3 mm long; white at first, becoming brownish; crowded.

Stem: 2-7 cm long; up to 3 mm thick; usually lateral; tough; reddish brown to dark brown; hairy; sometimes attached to a spongy underground portion, when the cone is buried in duff.

Flesh: Whitish to brownish; tough and thin.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild or slightly bitter.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap and stem instantly black.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3.5-6 ; broadly elliptical to nearly round; smooth, or becoming finely spiny when mature; amyloid. Cystidia scattered; fusoid, with or without a swollen apex; contents refractive in KOH.

Pleurotus pulmonarius

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Pleurotus_pulmonarius.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing in shelf-like clusters on dead and living wood of hardwoods; causing a white rot; late spring through September; apparently widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky.

Cap: 3-10 cm across; convex, becoming flat or somewhat depressed; lung-shaped (hence its Latin name) to fan-shaped or semicircular in outline&mdash;or nearly circular if growing on the tops of logs; somewhat greasy when young and fresh; fairly bald; whitish to beige or pale tan, usually without dark brown colorations; fading as it dries out, often resulting in a two-toned appearance; the margin inrolled when young, later wavy and sometimes very finely lined.

Gills: Running down the stem; close or nearly distant; short-gills frequent; whitish; sometimes discoloring yellowish with age.

Stem: Sometimes absent or rudimentary, but often present; 1-4 cm long and 0.5-1 cm thick; eccentric or lateral&mdash;or central; whitish; bald; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Thick; white; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor distinctive but hard to describe ("like oyster mushrooms" works well, but makes for a circular description); taste mild.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface orangish.

Spore Print: Whitish, grayish, or lilac.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-11 x 2-3 m; cylindric-ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Hymenial cystidia not found. Pileipellis a cutis; elements 5-10 m wide, smooth, hyaline in KOH.

Chlorociboria aeruginascens

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Chlorociboria_aeruginascens.html

Ecology: Saprobic on well-decayed, barkless logs and sticks, including those of both hardwoods and conifers; evident as green-stained wood year-round, but the fruiting bodies typically appear in summer and fall; widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Qu&#233;bec.

Fruiting Body: Cup-shaped at first, becoming flattened or disc-shaped; 2-5 mm across; with a tiny stem (1-2 mm long) that may be central or somewhat off-center; upper surface bald, blue-green; undersurface similar.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-8 x 1-2 ; subfusiform to nearly cylindric; smooth; biguttulate with a small oil droplet near each end. Paraphyses filiform; 70-80 x 1 ; apices subacute; hyaline. Terminal cells on excipular surface cylindric; often twisted or contorted; 1-1.5 wide; smooth.

Kuehneromyces marginellus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Kuehneromyces_marginellus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or in clusters on the well decayed wood of hardwoods (especially oaks and beech); late spring; originally described from New York (Peck 1898); widely distributed in North America east of the Great Plains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 1-4 cm; convex or almost conical at first, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; sticky when fresh; tan to snuff brown, fading markedly as it dries out and eventually becoming buff colored; bald.

Gills: Narrowly to broadly attached to the stem; close; short-gills frequent; whitish to yellowish or pale tan when young, becoming cinnamon brown; hygrophanous; at first covered by a whitish partial veil.

Stem: 2.5-7 cm long; 3-6 mm thick; equal or tapering slightly to base; dry; with an upward-flaring, whitish to pale tan ring that soon begins to collapse and develop a tawny brown edge; pale tan; bald or with inconspicuous fibrils just below the ring.

Flesh: Yellowish to pale brownish.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: Brown to cinnamon brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5.5-9 x 3.5-5 m; ellipsoid; with a pore 0.5-1 m wide; smooth; yellowish with brown walls in KOH; yellowish in Melzer's. Basidia 25-28 x 5-6 m; 4-sterigmate. Cheilocystidia 25-45 x 2.5-7.5 m; cylindric to clavate or lageniform; flexuous; often with subcapitate to capitate apices; hyaline in KOH; thin-walled; smooth. Pleurocystidia not found. Pileipellis an ixocutis; elements 2.5-10 m wide, smooth, hyaline to yellowish or golden in KOH.

Imleria pallida

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Imleria_pallida.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; growing scattered or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed and common in North America east of the Rocky Mountains; also recorded from Central America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, and Ohio.

Cap: 3-10 cm across; convex, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; dry; very finely suedelike when fresh and young, but soon more or less bald and kid-leathery; sometimes becoming cracked in age; pale grayish brown; the margin often with a very tiny overhanging sterile portion.

Pore Surface: Whitish when very young, becoming pale dull yellow, then olive yellow and, eventually, dark olive brown; bruising dull blue, or sometimes not bruising; 1-2 xerocomoid pores per mm at maturity; tubes to 1 cm deep.

Stem: 3-12 cm long; 0.5-2 cm thick; more or less equal; bald; not reticulate; whitish to brownish, becoming more brownish with age, especially toward the base; sometimes flushed with red near the apex or base; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White when fresh, but often becoming yellowish in older specimens; unchanging when sliced, or changing to sky blue or darker blue (sometimes slowly and erratically)&mdash;or pinkish to, in the stem base, red.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mildly soapy or bitterish.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia flashing bluish to purplish, then quickly resolving to negative on cap surface; negative or faintly greenish on flesh. KOH dark brownish orange to pale orange on cap surface; negative to orange on flesh. Iron salts blue-green on cap surface; negative to pale blue-green on flesh.

Spore Print: Brown with a hint of olive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-16 x 4-5 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH. Basidia 20-30 x 5-10 m; 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia 28-40 x 6-8 m; lageniform to fusiform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH, or occasionally with golden-globular contents. Pileipellis a collapsing trichoderm; elements 3-8 m wide, smooth, hyaline to faintly brownish in KOH; terminal cells cylindric with rounded apices.

Lentaria micheneri

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lentaria_micheneri.html

Ecology: Uncertain; possibly mycorrhizal, but with a growth pattern and copious, spreading mycelium suggestive of a saprobe; growing in leaf litter or needle duff; appearing alone or scattered; summer and fall; possibly widely distributed in eastern North America (precise range uncertain since it is probably often identified as Lentaria byssiseda).

Fruiting Body: 2-4 cm high; 1-2.5 cm wide; base well developed; branching repeatedly.

Branches: Vertically oriented; tightly packed; smooth or very finely velvety in patches; very pale orange, becoming orangish buff to yellowish or pale tan; tips colored like the branches, often sharp and forked.

Base: Fairly well developed; white below; colored like the branches above; attached to copious white mycelium.

Flesh: Whitish; tough.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste bitter.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: Iron salts green on branches.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-9 x 3-4 ; stretched-elliptical; smooth. Clamp connections present. Thick-walled hyphae present.

Melanoleuca brevipes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Melanoleuca_brevipes.html

Ecology: Probably saprobic; found in grassy areas and disturbed soil, often in urban areas; summer and fall; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 2-8 cm across; broadly convex or flat, sometimes with a shallow central bump; smooth; dry; dark gray to nearly black when young, becoming gray and eventually fading to dull brownish or paler.

Gills: Attached to the stem, usually by a notch; fairly crowded; white.

Stem: 1-3 cm long; up to 1 cm thick; firm; club-shaped when in the button stage, becoming equal with a slightly swollen base; sometimes twisted; dry; whitish.

Flesh: White in cap; white or brownish in the stem.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6.5-9.5 x 5-6.5 ; more or less elliptical; ornamented with amyloid warts. Pleurocystidia absent or rare (when present similar to cheilocystidia). Cheilocystidia abundant; variously shaped; often capped with apical incrustations and/or septate 1-2 times; up to 60 x 9 .

Catathelasma ventricosum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Catathelasma_ventricosum.html

Ecology: Presumably mycorrhizal; growing alone or scattered on the ground under conifers; fall; northeastern North America (but reported from the Rocky Mountains and the West Coast; see above).

Cap: 8-30 (or more) cm; convex becoming irregularly convex or nearly flat; dry; smooth or in maturity with scattered pressed-down fibers; whitish, developing grayish areas; the margin at first rolled under somewhat.

Gills: Running down the stem or beginning to do so; close; whitish.

Stem: Up to 15 cm long and 5 cm wide; often swollen in the middle; tapering at the base and usually rooting somewhat; sometimes almost completely underground; whitish, discoloring brownish or grayish; with a flaring, double ring.

Flesh: White; hard; not changing on exposure.

Odor and Taste: Taste not distinctive or slightly unpleasant; odor similar.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-13 x 4-6 ; smooth; elongated-elliptical; amyloid. Basidia under 45 long.

Chroogomphus pseudovinicolor

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Chroogomphus_pseudovinicolor.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir; typically growing in small clusters of 2-3 mushrooms, but sometimes growing alone or scattered; summer and fall (and early winter in coastal California); distributed in western North America.

Cap: 5-15 cm wide; convex becoming planoconvex; dry; dull red to dull orange, with a paler margin; darkening to brownish red with age; smooth, but the margin frequently adorned with felty patches or fibers from the partial veil.

Gills: Running down the stem; distant or nearly so; often forking; pale orangish to yellowish at first, developing olive shades and finally turning olive-black as the spores mature.

Stem: 6-12 cm long; up to 5 cm wide; tapering to base; orangish and fairly smooth above the ring zone, but prominently scaly to hairy with reddish to purplish red fibers below; orangish underneath the scales and zones of fibers.

Flesh: Orangish; often yellow in the stem.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: Greenish to olive black.

Microscopic Features: Spores 15-20 x 5-7.5 ; smooth; narrowly elliptical to subfusoid. Cystidia fusiform to cylindric; up to about 200 x 20 ; with thick walls reaching 5-6 wide. Pileipellis a nongelatinized trichoderm.

Paxillus involutus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Paxillus_involutus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with a wide variety of hardwoods and conifers; apparently also capable of existing as a saprobe on wood; found in woods and in urban settings; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 4-15 cm; convex to broadly convex with a strongly inrolled, cottony margin; becoming planoconvex or centrally depressed; sticky or dry; smooth or finely hairy; brown to yellow-brown, olive brown, or grayish brown.

Gills: Separable as a layer; running down the stem; close or crowded; often becoming convoluted or pore-like near the stem; yellowish to pale cinnamon or pale olive; bruising brown to reddish brown.

Stem: 2-8 cm long; up to 2 cm thick; often tapered to base; dry; smooth or finely hairy; colored like the cap or paler; bruising brownish to reddish brown.

Flesh: Thick and firm; yellowish; discoloring brown when exposed.

Odor and Taste: Taste acidic or not distinctive; odor not distinctive or somewhat fragrant.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface gray.

Spore Print: Purplish brown to yellow-brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6.5-10 x 5-7 ; smooth; elliptical. Pleuro- and cheilocystidia more or less fusoid; 40-90 long; with brown contents. Pileipellis a cutis of elements 3-6 wide, with brownish contents. Clamp connections present.

Calocybe fallax

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Calocybe_fallax.html

Ecology: Probably saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously in needle duff under conifers (including, in North America, grand fir, subalpine fir, balsam fir, Engelmann spruce, and lodgepole pine) or rarely in leaf litter under hardwoods (willows and alders); summer and fall; originally described from New York (Peck 1873) and central Europe (Persoon 1794); distributed in northern and montane Europe and North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado.

Cap: 5-30 mm across; broadly convex becoming broadly bell-shaped, flat, or shallowly depressed; soft; dry; bald; yellow to orangish yellow or brownish yellow; the margin at first somewhat inrolled.

Gills: Attached to the stem, sometimes by means of a notch; crowded; pale yellow; sometimes turning brown or nearly black with age or when dried out; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 2-4 cm long; 1-5 mm wide; more or less equal; dry; finely silky, or nearly bald; colored like the cap; basal mycelium whitish.

Flesh: Pale yellow.

Odor & Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste slightly bitter, or not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-4 x 1-2 m; ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Pileipellis hymeniform/cellular; elements hyaline to yellowish in KOH; terminal cells clavate to subclavate, 15-20 x 5-7.5 m. Clamp connections present.

Laetiporus cincinnatus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Laetiporus_cincinnatus.html

Ecology: Parasitic and saprobic on living and dead oaks; causing a brown rot of the butt and roots; growing alone or gregariously at the bases of oaks or on the ground nearby; late spring through fall; fairly widely distributed from the Great Plains eastward. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Fruiting Body: Up to 45 cm across; usually consisting of several to many caps in a rosette but very rarely consisting of a shelving array near the base of the tree.

Caps: 4-20 cm across; 6-20 cm deep; up to 2 cm thick; fan-shaped to semicircular, kidney-shaped, or irregularly lobed; smooth to wrinkled; finely suedelike; pale to bright pinkish orange, often with vague concentric bands of alternating shades of color; frequently fading in maturity and with direct sunlight; the margin often whitish.

Pore Surface: Whitish; not bruising; with 2-3 circular to angular pores per mm; tubes to 5 mm deep.

Stem: Usually absent; when present poorly defined, whitish, tough, more or less central.

Flesh: Thick; soft and watery when young, becoming chalky and eventually crumbling easily; white; not changing when sliced.

Dried Specimens: Cap surface and pore surface become dull pinkish orange to dull brownish orange and retain these shades for at least 20 years in the herbarium; they can often be distinguished from herbarium specimens of Laetiporus sulphureus, which are yellow to yellow-orange.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface and flesh.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4-6 x 3-4 m; broadly ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Hymenial cystidia not found. Contextual hyphal system dimitic. Contextual binding hyphae 5-15 m wide; often branching; aseptate; smooth; walls 1-1.5 m thick; hyaline in KOH. Hymenial trama generative hyphae 4-7 m wide; tubular and unbranched; usually parallel; septate; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections not found.

Calocybe fallax

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Calocybe_fallax.html

Ecology: Probably saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously in needle duff under conifers (including, in North America, grand fir, subalpine fir, balsam fir, Engelmann spruce, and lodgepole pine) or rarely in leaf litter under hardwoods (willows and alders); summer and fall; originally described from New York (Peck 1873) and central Europe (Persoon 1794); distributed in northern and montane Europe and North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado.

Cap: 5-30 mm across; broadly convex becoming broadly bell-shaped, flat, or shallowly depressed; soft; dry; bald; yellow to orangish yellow or brownish yellow; the margin at first somewhat inrolled.

Gills: Attached to the stem, sometimes by means of a notch; crowded; pale yellow; sometimes turning brown or nearly black with age or when dried out; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 2-4 cm long; 1-5 mm wide; more or less equal; dry; finely silky, or nearly bald; colored like the cap; basal mycelium whitish.

Flesh: Pale yellow.

Odor & Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste slightly bitter, or not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-4 x 1-2 m; ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Pileipellis hymeniform/cellular; elements hyaline to yellowish in KOH; terminal cells clavate to subclavate, 15-20 x 5-7.5 m. Clamp connections present.

Ischnoderma resinosum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Ischnoderma_resinosum.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods; annual; causing a white rot that separates the annual rings in the wood and often smells of anise; appearing on recently fallen wood and on wood that has been down for several years, but not typically on well-rotted wood; growing alone, gregariously, or in overlapping clusters; usually appearing in fall; widely distributed in North America but more common in the Midwest and eastern United States. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Wisconsin.

Fruiting Body: Usually presenting a well-developed cap, but sometimes appearing effused-reflexed or even resupinate.

Cap: 5-19 cm across; 3-9 cm deep; irregularly bracket-shaped, kidney-shaped, or nearly semicircular; broadly convex; when young quite thick and fleshy, with a finely velvety surface with zones of pinkish brown and brown, and a thick whitish margin; in maturity dark brown, sometimes with zones of blackish brown, fairly bald, dry, and tough.

Pore Surface: When young whitish, soft, promptly bruising brown; in maturity pale brown and hard; with 4-6 angular or round pores per mm; tubes 2-8 mm deep.

Stem: Absent.

Flesh: Whitish to dull pinkish brown and soft at first; darkening to brown and becoming tougher with maturity.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface black; on flesh negative to brownish or grayish.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-7 x 1-1.5 m; allantoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Cystidia not found. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae of tube trama 2-4 m wide, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline in KOH, with clamp connections at septa; skeletal hyphae 4-6 m wide, with walls 1-1.5 m thick.